Against Despair
How our misreading of history harms progressivism today.
The New Deal was not a seamless narrative of aggressively liberal steps in which conservatives were sent scampering. It was full of starts and stops, and it took a long time. There were many reasons for this, but a chief one had to do with Roosevelt himself–seen by the more impatient reformers of his day as equivocal and adhering to too few core beliefs, exactly the way some see Obama today. Alan Brinkley, in Liberalism and Its Discontents, reminds us that the general historians’ view of Roosevelt, quite far removed from that presented in the sound bites and summaries employed today, was that of “a man without an ideological core and thus unable to exercise genuine leadership.” Huey Long, who sat out on FDR’s left flank, complained of this in a quote in which he invoked his ideological nemesis, the Senate majority leader from Arkansas: “When I talk to [Roosevelt], he says, ‘Fine! Fine! Fine!’ But Joe Robinson goes to see him the next day and he says ‘Fine! Fine! Fine!’ Maybe he says ‘Fine’ to everybody.”
To read through any number of thorough histories of the New Deal is to be struck not by the differences between Roosevelt (man of action) and Obama (pensive equivocator) but by the many consistencies in how politics actually unfolds in real time–the difficulties inherent in trying to effect change, the readiness to accept half a loaf, and the regular reassurances sent to the moneyed classes that the liberals hadn’t taken over the candy store. It’s worth noting, for example, that the second act to become law under the New Deal, after the Emergency Banking Act, which was a progressive piece of legislation, was a conservative bill, the Economy Act. It cut salaries of government employees and benefits to veterans, the latter by 15 percent. Arthur Schlesinger, in The Coming of the New Deal, writes that literally an hour after signing the banking act, Roosevelt outlined this bill to congressional leaders, saying the next day and sounding more than a little like some Robert Rubin progenitor had been whispering in his ear: “For three long years, the federal government has been on the road toward bankruptcy.” (And maybe one had: Schlesinger notes that Roosevelt’s budget director, Lewis Douglas, was certainly no Keynesian.) Just imagine Obama having tried something like that, alienating both veterans and AFSCME within a week of taking office. The Economy Act was opposed by many liberals in the House, so FDR turned to conservative Democrats and Republicans, who passed it.
Roosevelt and some advisers felt the bill was necessary to win support in Congress for other, more liberal moves. Chief among those, in the near-term, would be the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). NIRA, of course, was the linchpin of the first New Deal–passed at the end of the Hundred Days in June 1933, it was the subject of contentious Senate debate (although ultimately it did pass comfortably, with the backing of some Republicans, which remains one crucial difference between FDR’s time and ours), and it was criticized and attacked constantly by the right (same players as today: the Chamber of Commerce, the National Associations of Manufacturers) and by some on the left who thought it didn’t go far enough. NIRA did, unquestionably, dramatically help organized labor, through its famous 7(a) provision that provided for collective bargaining. But its lack of enforcement mechanisms–not unlike the lack of sanctions for insurers in the health bill–also led to vast labor unrest–strikes and walkouts adjudicated by no clear arbitrating authority; and there were aspects of the law that labor did not like, language labor had wanted that just didn’t make it into the final bill.
Among those measures: a cap on the work week and a wage increase. Sidney Hillman and other leaders were impatient for Roosevelt to impose one. It wasn’t until August 1934 that FDR did so, and even then, the figures he announced–a 36-hour work week and a 10 percent hike–were compromise numbers, and the order applied only to the cotton garment industry. When in September of that year, after months of tension, Roosevelt finally sacked National Recovery Administration leader Hugh Johnson (another anti-Keynesian whom Roosevelt put in a position of vast power), he replaced Johnson not with a liberal tiger, but with a board–a board that included Hillman but was chaired by the head of Reynolds Tobacco, Clay Williams, and had if anything a slightly center-right overall cast, according to Steven Fraser in Labor Will Rule, his majestic Hillman biography.
The NIRA, as we know, was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935, and FDR, along with Harold Ickes and Rexford Tugwell and Adolf Berle and the rest of the Brains Trusters, went back to the drawing board. “The fantasies of state capitalism,” wrote Fraser, “…disintegrated in an acid bath of acrimonious self-interest, administrative ineptitude, and political vacillation.” Think about that: The centerpiece legislation of the new era was a mixed bag that was ruled unconstitutional in the President’s third year in office, with unemployment still around 20 percent. It was only with the “Second New Deal” in 1935-36 that the administration truly found its footing–and even then, FDR changed course in 1937 when his more centrist instincts reasserted themselves and he sought to balance the budget too quickly, sending unemployment back upwards.
I must express my sincere disappointment with the tone of your own article.
If the issue was indeed simply the lack of broad-based progressive change under the current Obama administration, then I could sympathize with your argument that we must be patient in fulfilling such an agenda.
However, President Obama has done, in my view, egregious damage to our standing as a functioning democracy which claims to preserve and defend civil liberties & to maintain the primacy of the rule of law.
His continued use of the 'State Secrets' privilege to prevent any investigation of prior wrong-doing under the prior administration, as well as adjudication of those who suffered in concert with those policies is simply unacceptable. As such, we have every reason to believe that the same, though possibly somewhat toned down, policies are being pursued today.
To give only a few examples, here are some widely reported in the mainstream press:
• 'Secret' prisons at Bagram Air Force Base in Afghanistan where the rule of law is reported to be beyond the reach of our judicial system.
• The continuation of 'preventive' detention at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba.
• The defense of an expansive application of surveillance of American citizens.
• The expanded use of drones for both surveillance and targeted killings, without adequate judicial or congressional over-sight.
• The continuation of a doctrine that considers the entire Middle East and beyond as the battlefield against terrorism.
There are many other concerns I have, including Obama–“€™s passivity in relation to the Israeli-Palestinian issue & the doubling down in the war in Afghanistan. However, the failure to adequately address the necessary restoration and preservation of the rule of law is reason enough to feel extreme disillusionment with the current administration.
I enjoyed Michael Tomasky's article. However, I would like to add a few thoughts regarding the frustrations of today's progressives. There was never going to be another "New Deal", because FDR was dealing with a blank slate with regard to the government activism. In 1932, the federal government was a very minor factor in American life. FDR was free to experiment and create new programs because there were far fewer interest groups and lobbyists and vested bureaucratic interests in DC. Today, progressives ironically find themselves the captives of the very federal government they created as a result of the New Deal and Great Society. Washington has become ossified with lobbyists and bureaucratic inertia, and is increasingly incapable of affecting meaningful change in a wildly diverse nation of over 300 million people.
Meaningful change in our new era will not come from more centralized government. The ineptness in the response to the gulf oil spill and Katrina are indicative of our dilemma, as well as the reaction to the financial collapse. Washington and Wall Street are now joined at the hip. We face two choices, really : corrupt corporatism and crony capitalism, or, a return to genuinely free markets. We must rediscover federalism, and decentralization. This is our only hope for meaningful change. The real creativity in government today is at the state and local level.
Mr. Tomasky introduces some provocative thoughts, but fails to present an argument against despair. In fact, his effort at giving us a perspective of liberalism in the US–“€™ brief history, gives us more reason for despair. Reflect on what he has written and integrate a few unassailable historical facts and the only rational state of liberalism is despair.
Under President Clinton we saw many liberal Republican policies become law: NAFTA was proposed and passed; requirements were developed and imposed on public housing tenants to perform community service in addition to paying rent; Glass-Steagall was repealed; welfare –“€˜as you know it–“€™ was changed to benefit corporations and to hurt individuals; and Ms. Lani Guanier–“€™s failed nomination–“€¦. Well, all of this from a Democrat? Yes. (And recall that while Governor Clinton was campaigning for the Democratic presidential nomination, he interrupted that campaign to fly home to Arkansas and execute a condemned prisoner. Modern liberalism opposes the death penalty. Liberal Republicans did (and do) not oppose it.)
In the wake of the Reagan –“€˜revolution,–“€™ the Democratic Leadership Conference took over the Democratic Party under the Clintons–“€™ (yes, both of them). That conference is a tent for the liberal Republicans, who don–“€™t have another party for their platforms. The liberal Democrats were, and apparently still are, shell-shocked from the Reagan –“€˜revolution,–“€™ and failed to maintain their hegemony in the party. President Bush–“€™s invasion of Iraq received the support of liberal Republicans dressed up as conservative Democrats. The liberal Democrats opposed that police action. Obama held out a slim reed of hope to liberal Democrats with his opposition to that military endeavor. How slim it was became apparent.
After Obama was elected with the announcement of his picks for his economic team, Obama kicked the liberals in his party; he put into positions of power and influence the same liberal Republican team that wrought the discredited economic policies of President Clinton. Obama marginalized the noteworthy and notable liberal economic voices. Were the domestic economic situation so grave and essential to his administration, his picks might not have had the many consequences that they did, but he did not stop there. He kept a Republican in charge of the Defense Department; even his Supreme Court picks have been cut from the cloth of liberal Republicanism.
In deed, there is no liberal movement in the US, and we liberals have little room in the Democratic Party to get one going. Let–“€™s see. Despair? That would appear to be the only appropriate human response for a liberal in the US. Maybe that fact accounts for Mr. Tomasky–“€™s failure.
I agree with Mr. Tomasky that the historical context for the Obama administration is different and in many ways more politically difficult than the situation was for Roosevelt or Johnson. However, my despair is based on the gut instinct, held by many liberals and progressives, that the Obama triumph was an opportunity to begin to address deep-seated challenges that will soon overwhelm us if we do not address them soon - I am thinking of global warming, peak oil, persistent structural unemployment, the dominant role of financial institutions, and the militaristic-nationalistic fury that will accompany the U.S.'s declining ability to control the actions of what we have come to think of as subordinate nations.
Instead of trying to shape public opinion and articulate a new set of communitarian, pluralist values as a prelude to addressing these looming challenges, the President has embraced a technocratic agenda that merely tinkers on the margins of the existing Washington concensus. Think about the Obama approach to each of the issues mentioned in the previous paragraph.
Now we face a difficult mid-term election that will certainly impose even greater limits on Obama freedom of action. Given the challenges we face, can the nation survive six more years of stalemate - perhaps we can muddle through, but history shows that great nations can and do fall into permanent decline. And if that happens, then we may look back upon even this turbulent time as the last period of wide-spread civil and political liberties before the decline of the American Republic.
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Apr 17, 2011, 5:51 AMPost a Comment


